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Later, after emancipation, the freed slaves, also called Maroons, found it hard to survive on their own. To survive they had to establish permanent settlements, which became known as Maroon communities. These small communities had plant and animal gardens and cultivated crops, while often hunting and gathering wild fruits and vegetables, earning their living as independent farmers. Their dwellings, social organisation and rituals were similar to those of the native Jamaican Arawak and Taino. They never adopted an African culture which made them nearly impervious to outside intervention. They survived through the 18th century in various parts of the island. With the arrival of missionaries and planters, the number of Maroons declined. Many Maroons were forced to move inland where they were often persecuted and even killed. Survival was also impeded by attempts to remove them from their home areas from the colonial government and the slave plantations. They were sometimes called “frightened savages”, who had to be removed from their “own land to our plantations” (Russell 1838).[45][citation needed] During this period an assortment of missionaries and colonial administrators, military forces, land expoiters, sugar planters and slave owners treated Maroons with considerable cruelty. As the Maroons became more numerous they were caught between two groups of settlers who were spread out and dependent on slave labour that could not survive without maroons to work on the sugar plantations.[46] The maroons were constantly attacked and some were killed by soldiers and planters who wanted their land and slaves for themselves. Many were imprisoned for not complying with the laws of colonialists.[citation needed] The Maroons successfully repelled the most violent campaigns but they had no legitimate access to courts and were simply extorted from.
Conversely, others died from lack of medical care, exposure or from diseases introduced from European settlers, their slaves or other foreigners. However, Maroons still managed to survive. Free life meant that they were not obligated to pay taxes, labor for the plantation owners and found their shelter and food in the jungles. This life was not free from danger and the Maroons were attacked by slave owners and the colonial government. Their homes and land were often seized by plantation owners and the colonial government. The Maroons were caught between two groups of settlers who were spread out and dependent on slave labour. d2c66b5586