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The next section reviews evidence that poor people are often more exposed to natural hazards than the rest of the population. Then, the paper turns to vulnerability and shows poor people are always more vulnerable to disasters. Then it introduces the concept of socio-economic resilience and the factors that contribute to the lower capacity of poor people to respond and bounce back after natural disasters. The papers finally describes the vicious cycles that keep people in poverty due to natural disasters.
Poor people are more often affected by natural hazards because they often have to settle in risky areas, for two major reasons. First, at risk areas may be more attractive when they offer economic opportunities, public services or direct amenities, and higher productivity and incomes (Hallegatte 2012). For example, households in regularly flooded areas of Mumbai report that they are aware of the flood risks but accept them because of the opportunities offered by the area such as access to jobs, schools, health care facilities, and social networks (Patankar 2015). Globally, there has been a trend toward increased risk taking: from 1970 to 2010 the world population grew by 87%, while the population in flood plains increased by 114% and in cyclone-prone coastlines by 192%. Risky areas thus attract all kind of population, including poor people.
Large-scale events make the news, but repeated small adverse events such as regular floods often have serious implications for poor people. Although poor and nonpoor people may decide to live in places that are sometimes affected by natural hazards, only poor people live in dwellings which are frequently exposed to natural hazards.
In developing countries, livelihood diversification is becoming a crucial part of dealing with natural hazards. For example, engaging with tourists can serve as a means of livelihood diversification (Mbaiwa and Sakuze 2009). Crop choice and other forms of agricultural diversification are a form of insurance against various agricultural risks for rural households, which have been used in Ethiopia by risk-averse farmers (Mesfin et al. 2011).
The literature review in this paper highlights the importance of natural shocks for the well-being and the future of poor people. The papers cited support the idea that disaster risk management can be considered as poverty reduction. In parallel, the fact that poverty is so often one driver of the vulnerability to natural hazards suggests that (well designed) poverty reduction can be considered as disaster risk management. Taken together, these findings highlight the strong synergy between poverty reduction and resilience building and the benefits from an integrated and consistent strategy to both reduce risk and poverty.
Natural hazards are defined as environmental phenomena that have the potential to impact societies and the human environment. These should not be confused with other types of hazards, such as manmade hazards. For example, a flood resulting from changes in river flows is a natural hazard, whereas flooding due to a dam failure is considered a manmade hazard, and therefore excluded from the National Risk Index.
Natural hazards can also cause secondary natural hazard events that create additional hazards. For example, Volcanic Activity can create other hazards, such as ash and lava spread. The National Risk Index only considers main natural hazard events and not their results or after-effects.
Natural hazards and natural disasters are related but are not the same. A natural hazard is the threat of an event that will likely have a negative impact. A natural disaster is the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard in the event that it significantly harms a community. The National Risk Index is designed to help communities understand their relative natural hazard risk and the impacts they could expect during or after a disaster.
Disaster preparedness consists of a set of measures undertaken in advance by governments, organisations, communities, or individuals to better respond and cope with the immediate aftermath of a disaster, whether it be human-induced or caused by natural hazards. The objective is to reduce the loss of life and livelihoods.
The approach promotes multi-hazard preparedness and anticipatory action as a means for a quicker and more effective response. It focuses not only on disasters related to natural hazards but also on human-induced threats like conflict and violence, epidemics, and biological hazards.
The assessment of hazard vulnerability is very helpful in emergency management. An emergency management geographic information system (GIS), including a vulnerability assessment, has been developed and applied successfully. Using socioeconomic and environmental data sources in the GIS, risk maps highlighting the potential impact of disasters on people and infrastructure can be developed that can provide guidance in terms of resource allocation and recovery operations. For example, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has coordinated and conducted vulnerability assessments, particularly in the area of flood mapping. Maplecroft, A UK-based global risk and strategic consulting firm, developed an index-based map to show vulnerability to climate change. The United Nations has collaborated with other entities to develop hazard risk maps for countries that are likely to face future disasters [21]. However, most emergency management GISs are designed for reaction, not prediction and mitigation. In China, to respond to a wide range of natural disasters and to reduce disaster losses, models have been developed to conduct assessments of social vulnerability to natural hazards. A data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based model was used to evaluate the relative severity of disasters in each region of mainland China [22]. Another method, which was based on the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model, was conducted to assess social vulnerabilities to natural disasters in the Yangtze River Delta region of China [18]. More studies are needed to validate and calibrate these models. Future studies about the changes in regional vulnerability and its related causes are also of practical value.
The second World Conference on Disaster Reduction in 1999 emphasized the change from a response culture to a prevention culture to better cope with natural disasters. Pre-disaster prevention and preparation play key roles in casualty reduction. The periodic evaluation of hospital vulnerability can help determine the impact of internal and external environment changes on hospital emergency rescue capabilities and guide disaster risk mitigation, preparedness, and recovery. An effective HVA should generate recommendations for improvement after observation and evaluation by the panel experts. Regardless of geographical, cultural, and infrastructure differences, an effective disaster management plan reduces the harmful effects of disasters on hospital emergency rescue capabilities and enables the allocation of medical resources based on the probability of disaster occurrences. For example, hospitals in the south coastal areas of China should be prepared for typhoons during the summer, while hospitals in northern China should have routine preparations for injuries or other adverse outcomes related to storms and extreme cold weather during the winter. The purpose of optimizing the allocation of hospital resources is to best utilize limited medical resources to rescue more people, which is the core value of disaster medicine. During the Wenchuan earthquake, the Chinese government established a four-level emergency response system that linked the emergency systems at the national, provincial, city, and county levels. This system coordinated the use of local resources, ensured cooperation, and enabled the effective deployment of medical rescue forces in the 2010 Yushu earthquake [15].
Natural disasters, such as floods or cyclones, will become more frequent. The probability of manmade or technological disasters is also increasing. The challenge that lies ahead is immense. A standardized and comprehensive HVA can help health care facilities identify and stratify potential hazards. The ultimate goal of an HVA is to establish a robust emergency management program. It identifies key positions and their responsibilities; prioritize tasks (immediate, intermediate and extended); sets plans for training, drilling, and exercising; and guides planning, mitigation and recovery projects [25]. The development, implementation and maintenance of a robust disaster preparedness plan needs great collaboration and synergy between different operational agencies and academic and training institutions. It is also important to merge academic advancement and expertise with practical field application.
In recent decades, India has witnessed a rapid pace of migration from areas with intensive agriculture to populated megacities, which are faced with increasing threat from climate hazards. Greater attention is needed for vulnerable new migrants who lack necessary resources when designing adaptation and mitigation policies.
From the time of origin, the earth was exposed to different types of hazards and disaster from time to time. The earth, due to its internal structure, is prone to different types of natural disasters. They come in different frequency every year in most part of the world. Natural hazard is threat while disaster is an event. The disaster can be natural or artificially created by the different types of activities of human beings 1, 2, 3. Since the origin of the earth, due to different types of plate tectonic movement, the earth is exposed to different types of hazards. When the human civilisation came into existence, these events started affecting and became disaster for the human beings. Earth has very diverse type of climate, meteorological conditions existing above the surface of the earth along with it earth has very peculiar internal structure 4, 2b1af7f3a8